Stomach of ruminants

 Introduction:

Welcome to our blog, where we delve into the fascinating world of cattle digestion. In this edition, we shine a spotlight on the stomach of cattle and the intricate processes that enable ruminants to efficiently break down and extract nutrients from plant-based diets. Whether you're a cattle enthusiast, a farmer, or simply curious about bovine biology, join us as we uncover the wonders of the bovine stomach.

Anatomy of the Ruminant Stomach:

Rumen: The Rumen is the largest compartment of a ruminant's stomach, housing billions of microbes that ferment and break down plant-based feed. It serves as a fermentation vat, producing volatile fatty acids for energy. This complex chamber allows cattle to efficiently digest cellulose and extract nutrients from fibrous plant materials, contributing to their unique digestive capabilities.

Reticulum: The reticulum , or "honeycomb," is a compartment of the ruminant stomach that aids in regurgitation and further breakdown of feed. It assists in the formation of cud, which is later re-chewed for better digestion. The reticulum plays a vital role in particle sorting and the movement of food through the digestive system.

Omasum: Uncovering the "manyplies" and its unique role in water absorption and particle size reduction.

Abomasum: Understanding the bovine "true stomach" and its function in enzymatic digestion.

Rumen Fermentation Process:

Microbial Community: Introducing the diverse ecosystem of microbes residing in the rumen and their crucial role in digestion.

Fermentation Pathways: Explaining the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and microbial proteins.

Gas Production: Investigating the production of gases, such as methane, and its implications for cattle and the environment.

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Feed and Nutrition:

Ruminant Diets: Analyzing the ideal components and ratios of forages, grains, and supplements for a well-balanced bovine diet.

Nutrient Absorption: Examining the absorption of VFAs, proteins, vitamins, and minerals in the ruminant digestive system.

Impact of Feed Quality: Discussing the significance of high-quality forage and its effects on rumen health and overall cattle well-being. 

Health and Management:

Ruminal Acidosis: Identifying the causes, symptoms, and prevention strategies for this common digestive disorder.

Bloat: Exploring the factors contributing to bloat, its consequences, and management techniques.

Feedlot Considerations: Addressing the specific challenges and practices related to feeding and managing cattle in a feedlot environment. 

Environmental Impacts and Sustainability:

Methane Emissions: Discussing the ecological implications of cattle methane production and exploring strategies for reducing emissions.

Manure Management: Highlighting the significance of proper manure handling and its impact on soil health and nutrient cycling.

Sustainable Farming Practices: Introducing sustainable approaches to cattle farming that promote both environmental stewardship and productivity.

Conclusion:

Understanding the complexities of the cattle stomach and ruminant digestion is key to optimizing bovine health, nutrition, and sustainable farming practices. We hope this exploration of the bovine stomach has deepened your appreciation for the remarkable processes that allow cattle to thrive on a plant-based diet. Stay tuned for more insightful articles, as we continue to unravel the wonders of the animal kingdom and its interconnectedness with our environment.

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Trypanosomiases (surra) diseases

^{Trypanosomiases (surra)}

Affected by surra

All domestic mammals are susceptible to this disease but this disease is fatal in case of camel, horse & dogs. And other animals are act as carriers.


Trypanosomiasis

Etiology :-  It is a protozoal disease caused by a typical shape protozoa called trypanosoma evansi . It is extra cellular protozoa which is lives in plasma.

Trypanosoma evansi(surra)

Transmission:-  Mainly it is transmitted by a fly name tsetse flies. These flies live on the body of horse and human beings. These flies suck the blood of infected animals and then if same fly suck the blood of a healthy animal, this disease is transmitted. This type of transimission is called mechanical transmission.

Tsetse fly

Some others sources of transmission are – via biting insects , sucking insects , and vampire bats also.

Symptoms :- Mainly there are three type of symptoms

1.)     Per acute symptoms :-  No symptoms are seen. Only nervous form of symptoms may be seen. Death within 2-4 hours.

2.)     Acute symptoms:-

a.)      Kicking of leg on belly

b.)      Head pressing on wall

c.)       Temp. 105⁰F

d.)      Circling , Excitement

3.)     Chronic symptoms :-

a.)      Dulleness

b.)     Depression

c.)      Weakness

d.)     Red conjunctiva

e.)     Intermittent fever

f.)       Oedema of legs

g.)      Hyperesthetic leaves the herd & seel shade.

Specific Symptoms in horses:-

a.)      Intermittent fever

b.)     Anemia

c.)      Oedema of dependent parts

d.)     Pin point haemorrhage of conjunctiva.

Specific symptoms in camel

a.)      Intermittent fever

b.)     Oedema

c.)      Progressive weakness.

Symptoms in dogs

a.)      Intermittent fever

b.)     Corneal opacity  , that may lead to blindness

c.)      Marked oedema

d.)     Voice of rabies.

Diagnosis:-

1.)     By typical symptoms

2.)     By blood exam

a.)      Wet smear ( live protozoa)

b.)     Stain smear

·         Leishman’s stain (dead protozoa)

·         Giemsa stain

3.)     Biological method :-

                                                Take the blood of suspected animal and injected into the body of lab animal ( mice or G. pig). After 1-2 days the lab animals start to die . collect the blood of lab animal & examine under microscope. We will find  Trypanosoma evansi in its blood. After 5 days, all animals will die.

Treatment:-

1.)     Drug of choice – Triquin (salt name- quinpyramine sulphate) -dose rate- 5mg/kg b.wt.             site-S/C

Triquin

2.)     Surral (salt name- isometamedium) – dose rate 0.52mg/kg b.wt.            site- deep I/M.

3.)     Berenil – dose rate – 5-7mg/kg b.wt.    site-deep I/M.

4.)     Drug of choice in horses- diminazene aceturate (3.5-5 mg/kg bwt.) I/M as a single dose. Repeat in 5 weeks.

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